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Chad's Prep®
Chad's Prep®

DAT, MCAT, OAT & Science Prep

  • Home
  • College Courses
    • High School Chemistry
      • High School Chemistry Videos (FREE)
      • High School Chemistry Master Course
    • General Chemistry
      • General Chemistry Videos (FREE)
      • General Chemistry Master Course
    • Organic Chemistry
      • Organic Chemistry Videos (FREE)
      • Organic Chemistry Master Course
      • Organic Chemistry Refresher for the ACS Final Exam
    • General Physics
      • General Physics Videos (FREE)
      • General Physics Master Course
    • Biochemistry Videos (FREE)
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    • Ultimate Bundle
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  • Chapter 1 – Matter and Measurement
    • 1.1 Matter
    • 1.2 Significant Figures
    • 1.3 Units and Conversions
  • Chapter 2 – Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
    • 2.1 Atomic Structure and Introduction to the Periodic Table
    • 2.2 Naming Ionic Compounds
    • 2.3 Naming Molecular Compounds
    • 2.4 Naming Acids
  • Chapter 3 – Stoichiometry
    • 3.1 Chemical Reactions & Chemical Equations
    • 3.2 Calculations With Moles
    • 3.3 Mass Percent and Empirical and Molecular Formulas
    • 3.4 Limiting Reagent Calculations
  • Chapter 4 – Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
    • 4.1 Solutions and Electrolytes
    • 4.2 Double Displacement Reactions
    • 4.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    • 4.4 Molarity and Dilutions
    • 4.5 Solution Stoichiometry
  • Chapter 5 – Thermochemistry
    • 5.1 First Law of Thermodynamics and Enthalpy
    • 5.2 Calorimetry
    • 5.3 Hess’s Law and Enthalpies of Formation
  • Chapter 6 – Electronic Structure
    • 6.1 Nature of Light and the Photoelectric Effect
    • 6.2 Electronic Transitions (Absorption and Emission)
    • 6.3 The de Broglie Relation and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
    • 6.4 Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals
    • 6.5 Electronic Configuration
  • Chapter 7 – Periodic Trends
    • 7.1 Atomic Radius
    • 7.2 Ionization Energy
    • 7.3 Electron Affinity & Electronegativity
    • 7.4 Properties of Elements & Compounds
  • Chapter 8 – Bonding and Lewis Structures
    • 8.1 Ionic Bonding
    • 8.2 Lewis Dot Structures
    • 8.3 Bond Enthalpy
  • Chapter 9 – Molecular Geometry
    • 9.1 VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry
    • 9.2 Polarity
    • 9.3 Hybridization
    • 9.4 Sigma and Pi Bonds
    • 9.5 Molecular Orbital Theory
  • Chapter 10 – Gases
    • 10.1 Properties of Gases
    • 10.2 Gas Laws Including the Ideal Gas Law
    • 10.3 Additional Gas Laws
    • 10.4 Real Gases & the Van der Waals Equation
  • Chapter 11 – Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and Solids
    • 11.1 Intermolecular Forces
    • 11.2 Phase Diagrams
    • 11.3 Structures of Solids
  • Chapter 13 – Solutions
    • 13.1 Solution Formation and Solubility
    • 13.2 Units of Concentration
    • 13.3 Colligative Properties
  • Chapter 14 – Kinetics
    • 14.1 Rate Expressions and the Rate of Reaction
    • 14.2 Rate Laws
    • 14.3 Reaction Mechanisms, Catalysts, and Reaction Coordinate Diagrams
    • 14.4 Collision Theory and the Arrhenius Equation
    • 14.5 Integrated Rate Laws
  • Chapter 15 – Equilibrium
    • 15.1 Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constants
    • 15.2 Le Chatelier’s Principle
    • 15.3 Equilibrium Calculations (ICE Tables)
  • Chapter 16 – Acids and Bases
    • 16.1 Introduction to Acids and Bases
    • 16.2 Binary Acids, Oxoacids, and Polyprotic Acids
    • 16.3 Introduction to the pH Scale and pH Calculations
    • 16.4 pH Calculations for Strong Acids and Bases
    • 16.5 pH Calculations for Weak Acids and Bases
    • 16.6 Acidity and Basicity of Salts
  • Chapter 17 – Buffers, Titrations, and Solubility
    • 17.1 Buffers
    • 17.2 Titrations and Titration Curves
    • 17.3 pH Calculations Involving Titrations
    • 17.4 Solubility and Ksp
    • 17.5 Common Ion Effect and Precipitation
    • 17.6 pH Effects on Solubility
  • Chapter 18 – Thermodynamics
    • 18.1 The Laws of Thermodynamics
    • 18.2 Entropy
    • 18.3 Gibbs Free Energy and the Relationship between ΔG, ΔH, & ΔS
    • 18.4 ΔG, ΔH, ΔS, and Formation Reactions
    • 18.5 Gibbs Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
  • Chapter 19 – Electrochemistry
    • 19.1 How to Assign Oxidation Numbers
    • 19.2 How to Balance Oxidation Reduction Reactions
    • 19.3 Galvanic Cells
    • 19.4 How to Calculate Standard Cell Potential
    • 19.5 How to Calculate Nonstandard Cell Potential [Nernst Equation]
    • 19.6 Cell Potential, Delta G, and the Equilibrium Constant
    • 19.7 Electrolytic Cells
    • 19.8 Electrolysis Calculations
  • Chapter 20 – Nuclear Chemistry
    • 20.1 Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry
    • 20.2 Balancing Nuclear Reactions
    • 20.3 Spontaneous Routes of Nuclear Decay, Fission, & Fusion
    • 20.4 Kinetics of Nuclear Decay
    • 20.5 Energy of Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Binding Energy
  • Chapter 21 – Coordination Chemistry
    • 21.1 Introduction to Coordination Chemistry
    • 21.2 Naming Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
    • 21.3 Isomers in Coordination Chemistry
    • 21.4 Crystal Field Theory
    • 21.5 Color & Paramagnetism of Coordination Compounds
  • Chapter 1 – Electrons, Bonding, and Molecular Properties
    • 1.1 Lewis Structures
    • 1.2 Formal Charges
    • 1.3 Valence Bond Theory and Hybridization
    • 1.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
    • 1.5 Polarity
    • 1.6 Intermolecular Forces
  • Chapter 2 – Molecular Representations and Resonance
    • 2.1 Condensed Structures
    • 2.2 Bond Line Structures
    • 2.3 Functional Groups
    • 2.4 Resonance
  • Chapter 3 – Acids and Bases
    • 3.1 Introduction to Acids and Bases
    • 3.2 Ranking Acids and Bases
  • Chapter 4 – Alkanes
    • 4.1 Naming Alkanes
    • 4.2 Naming Complex Substituents
    • 4.3 Naming Bicyclic Compounds
    • 4.4 Drawing Constitutional Isomers
    • 4.5 Newman Projections
    • 4.6 Cycloalkanes and Cyclohexane Chair Conformations
  • Chapter 5 – Isomers and Stereochemistry
    • 5.1 Overview of Isomerism
    • 5.2 Absolute Configurations | How to Assign R and S
    • 5.3 Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers
    • 5.4 Fischer Projections
    • 5.5 Isomeric Relationships Between Molecules
    • 5.6 Amine Inversion and Chiral Molecules Without Chiral Centers
    • 5.7 Optical Activity
  • Chapter 6 – Organic Reactions and Mechanisms
    • 6.1 Reaction Enthalpies and Bond Dissociation Energies
    • 6.2 Entropy, Gibbs Free Energy, and the Equilibrium Constant
    • 6.3 The Kinetics of Organic Reactions
    • 6.4 Nucleophiles, Electrophiles, and Intermediates
    • 6.5 Reaction Mechanisms and Curved Arrow Pushing
  • Chapter 7 – Substitution and Elimination Reactions
    • 7.1 SN2 Reactions
    • 7.2 SN1 Reactions
    • 7.3 SN1 vs SN2
    • 7.4 Introduction to Elimination Reactions [Zaitsev’s Rule and the Stability of Alkenes]
    • 7.5 E2 Reactions
    • 7.6 E1 Reactions and E1 vs E2
    • 7.7 Distinguishing Between SN1/SN2/E1/E2
  • Chapter 8 – Alkenes
    • 8.0 Naming Alkenes
    • 8.1 Introduction to Alkene Addition Reactions
    • 8.2 Hydrohalogenation
    • 8.3 Hydration of Alkenes
    • 8.4 Addition of Alcohols
    • 8.5 Catalytic Hydrogenation
    • 8.6 Halogenation of Alkenes and Halohydrin Formation
    • 8.7 Epoxidation, Anti Dihydroxylation, and Syn Dihydroxylation
    • 8.8 Predicting the Products of Alkene Addition Reactions
    • 8.9 Oxidative Cleavage Ozonolysis and Permanganate Cleavage
  • Chapter 9 – Alkynes
    • 9.1 Naming Alkynes
    • 9.2 Acidity of Alkynes
    • 9.3 Synthesis of Alkynes
    • 9.4 Reduction of Alkynes
    • 9.5 Hydrohalogenation of Alkynes
    • 9.6 Halogenation of Alkynes
    • 9.7 Hydration of Alkynes
    • 9.8 Ozonolysis of Alkynes
    • 9.9 Alkylation of Acetylide Ions
  • Chapter 10 – Radical Reactions
    • 10.1 Free Radical Halogenation
    • 10.2 The Free Radical Halogenation Mechanism
    • 10.3 Allylic and Benzylic Bromination with NBS
    • 10.4 Addition of HBr and Peroxide
  • Chapter 11 – Organic Synthesis (Retrosynthesis)
    • 11.1 Introduction to Organic Synthesis
    • 11.2 Common Patterns in Organic Synthesis (Involving Alkenes)
    • 11.3 Common Patterns in Organic Synthesis (involving Alkynes)
  • Chapter 12 – Alcohols
    • 12.1 Naming Alcohols
    • 12.2 Properties of Alcohols
    • 12.3 Synthesis of Alcohols
    • 12.4 Grignard Reagents
    • 12.5 Protecting Alcohols
    • 12.6 Substitution Reactions of Alcohols
    • 12.6b Substitution with PBr3 and SOCl2
    • 12.7 Elimination Reactions (Dehydration) of Alcohols
    • 12.8 Oxidation of Alcohols
    • 12.9 Organic Synthesis with Alcohols
  • Chapter 13 – Ethers, Epoxides, Thiols, and Sulfides
    • 13.1 Naming Ethers
    • 13.2 Synthesis of Ethers
    • 13.3 Reactions of Ethers
    • 13.4 Nomenclature of Epoxides
    • 13.5 Synthesis of Epoxides
    • 13.6 Ring Opening of Epoxides
    • 13.7 Nomenclature, Synthesis, and Reactions of Thiols
    • 13.8 Nomenclature, Synthesis, and Reactions of Sulfides
    • 13.9 Organic Synthesis with Ethers and Epoxides
  • Chapter 14 – IR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
    • 14.1 Introduction to IR Spectroscopy
    • 14.2a IR Spectra of Carbonyl Compounds
    • 14.2b The Effect of Conjugation on the Carbonyl Stretching Frequency
    • 14.3 Interpreting More IR Spectra
    • 14.4 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
    • 14.5 Isotope Effects in Mass Spectrometry
    • 14.6a Fragmentation Patterns of Alkanes, Alkenes, and Aromatic Compounds
    • 14.6b Fragmentation Patterns of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, and Amines
    • 14.6c Fragmentation Patterns of Ketones and Aldehydes
  • Chapter 15 – NMR Spectroscopy
    • 15.1 Introduction to NMR
    • 15.2 The Number of Signals in C 13 NMR
    • 15.3 The Number of Signals in Proton NMR
    • 15.4 Homotopic vs Enantiotopic vs Diastereotopic
    • 15.5a The Chemical Shift in C 13 and Proton NMR
    • 15.5b The Integration or Area Under a Signal in Proton NMR
    • 15.5c The Splitting or Multiplicity in Proton NMR
    • 15.6a Interpreting NMR Example 1
    • 15.6b Interpreting NMR Example 2
    • 15.6c Interpreting NMR Example 3
    • 15.6d Structural Determination From All Spectra Example 4
    • 15.6e Structural Determination From All Spectra Example 5
    • 15.7 Complex Splitting
  • Chapter 16 – Conjugated Pi Systems
    • 16.1 Introduction to Conjugated Systems and Heats of Hydrogenation
    • 16.2a Pi Molecular Orbitals 1,3 Butadiene
    • 16.2b Pi Molecular Orbitals the Allyl System
    • 16.2c Pi Molecular Orbitals 1,3,5 Hexatriene
    • 16.3 UV Vis Spectroscopy
    • 16.4 Electrophilic Addition to Conjugated Dienes
    • 16.5 Diels Alder Reactions
    • 16.6 Cycloaddition Reactions
    • 16.7 Electrocyclic Reactions
    • 16.8 Sigmatropic Rearrangements
  • Chapter 17 – Aromatic Compounds
    • 17.1 Naming Benzenes
    • 17.2 Aromatic vs Nonaromatic vs Antiaromatic
    • 17.3 The Effects of Aromaticity on Reactivity
    • 17.4 Pi Molecular Orbitals of Benzene
  • Chapter 18 – Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
    • 18.1 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
    • 18.2 Friedel Crafts Alkylation and Acylation
    • 18.3 Activating and Deactivating Groups | Ortho/Para vs Meta Directors
    • 18.4 Catalytic Hydrogenation and the Birch Reduction
    • 18.5 Side-Chain Reactions of Benzenes
    • 18.6 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
    • 18.7 Retrosynthesis with Aromatic Compounds
  • Chapter 19 – Ketones and Aldehydes
    • 19.1 Nomenclature of Ketones and Aldehydes
    • 19.2 Synthesis of Ketones and Aldehydes
    • 19.3 Introduction to Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes
    • 19.4a Formation of Hemiacetals and Acetals (Addition of Alcohols)
    • 19.4b Cyclic Acetals as Protecting Groups
    • 19.5 Formation of Imines and Enamines (Addition of Amines)
    • 19.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
    • 19.7a Addition of Carbon Nucleophiles (Acetylide Ions, Grignard Reagents,etc.)
    • 19.7b The Wittig Reaction
    • 19.8 Baeyer Villiger Oxidation
    • 19.9 Retrosynthesis with Aldehydes and Ketones
  • Chapter 20 – Carboxylic Acids and Acid Derivatives
    • 20.1 Naming Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
    • 20.2 Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
    • 20.3 The Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
    • 20.4 Reaction with Organometallic Reagents
    • 20.5 Hydride Reduction Reactions
    • 20.6 Synthesis and Reactions of Acid Halides
    • 20.7 Synthesis and Reactions of Acid Anhydrides
    • 20.8 Synthesis and Reactions of Esters
    • 20.9 Properties, Synthesis, and Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
    • 20.10 Synthesis and Reactions of Amides
    • 20.11 Synthesis and Reactions of Nitriles
    • 20.12 Retrosynthesis with Carboxylic Acids / Acid Derivatives
  • Chapter 21 – Substitution Reactions at the Alpha Carbon
    • 21.1 Acidity of the Alpha Hydrogen
    • 21.2 Mechanisms of Alpha Substitution Reactions
    • 21.3 Alpha Halogenation
    • 21.4 Alpha Alkylation (including the Stork Reaction)
    • 21.5 Aldol Reactions
    • 21.6 Claisen Condensation Reactions
    • 21.7 The Malonic Ester Synthesis and the Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis
    • 21.8 Michael Reactions
    • 21.9 The Robinson Annulation
    • 21.10 Retrosynthesis with Enolates and Enols
  • Chapter 22 – Amines
    • 22.1 Naming Amines
    • 22.2 Basicity of Amines
    • 22.3 Synthesis of Amines
    • 22.4 Hofmann Elimination and Cope Elimination
    • 22.5 Sandmeyer Reactions
    • 22.6 EAS Reactions with Nitrogen Heterocycles
    • 22.7 Retrosynthesis with Amines
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